One of Tusk's main unfulfilled electoral promises is a doubling of the income tax free threshold, with an estimated price tag of some 55 billion zloty ($14.76 billion), coming on top of social benefits already widely viewed as generous.

A vote seen as a test of the power of populist nationalism in Europe was too close to call, with exit polls putting the two contenders neck and neck.

Poland has elected Karol Nawrocki, a nationalist conservative, as its next president — a win that signals a turn to the right in one of the European Union's member states.

Karol Nawrocki, a right-wing nationalist, flipped exit poll results and defeated Warsaw Mayor Rafal Trzaskowski.

Here’s what to know about Poland’s presidential runoff, which sets up a showdown between the governing party and resurgent nationalists.

Poland's path to narrowing its fiscal deficit, maintaining its credit ratings and keeping investors on board looks more difficult following conservative nationalist Karol Nawrocki's presidential election triumph.

Warsaw’s liberal mayor and his insurgent populist challenger are locked in a dead heat as they fight for the presidency of Poland, exit polls projected after Sunday’s head-to-head vote, leaving the country tilting between two wildly different political futures.

Rafał Trzaskowski, from Prime Minister Donald Tusk’s centre-right party, is on course for run-off victory over rightwing rival