On a shared medium, data link addresses are unique within the medium. In the enterprise, data link protocols provide functions such as finding a path and managing parallel paths.

Network Layer: Handles routing of data packets across networks and includes protocols like IP. Transport Layer: Ensures reliable data transfer and includes protocols like TCP and UDP. Session Layer: ...

The data-link and physical layers add new optional features. Elements in blue are required, those in green are unchanged from Ethernet, and those in beige are optional.

Networking author Howard C. Berkowitz begins a series on dealing with failures in specific layers and protocols.

Blockstream Developer Neigut Expects ‘Cambrian Explosion’ of Bitcoin Layer 2 Protocols Bitcoin already has one of the most diverse layer 2 ecosystems of any network, but coming technology ...