This article proposes a solution to the long-standing methodological problem of incorporating discrete variables inoto causal models of social phenomena. Only a subset of the variety of ways in which ...

This is a preview. Log in through your library . Abstract We consider the solution u(x, t) to a stochastic heat equation. For fixed x, the process F(t) = u(x, t) has a nontrivial quartic variation. It ...

Classifying a variable as a particular type of data is important when considering how to present the data. Data can be presented in a number of ways, which depends on the type of variable and the uses ...