A fundamental goal of synthetic biology is to predictably and efficiently reprogram cells to perform computations and carry out specific biological tasks 1. Cells genetically engineered with ...

An autotransformer is a transformer having part of its winding included in both the input and output circuit. A simple autotransformer connection is shown in Fig. 1. Note that because there is a ...

SMPS is the abbreviation of switching mode power supply, a kind of high-frequency power conversion device and a power supply device. Its function is to convert a level of voltage to the voltage or ...

High-efficiency step-down switching regulators for positive voltages are very common, however negative step-down switching regulators (negative voltage in, negative voltage out, common ground) are not ...

Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) output driver chips are popular with embedded designers because they provide multiple outputs without using any CPU I/O pins. This article explains how to adapt a ...

Some applications require a positive voltage to be generated from a negative input voltage. This can be done either by using a transformer based topology, such as a flyback converter, or with a ...

Computers close computerA device that processes information by following a set of rules called a program. and digital devices work by storing and processing information. If information has been ...

The NEC permits photovoltaic (PV) systems to supply power to buildings, structures, or other electrical supply system(s). PV systems can be installed on or in a single structure. Where multiple power ...