These can be tough, but use this method to minimise losing marks. The trick with this one is to always double check your answer by multiplying out the brackets and comparing your answer with the ...

Throughout this paper e denotes an integer ⩾ 3 and p a prime $\equiv 1 (\mod e)$. With f defined by p = ef + 1 and for integers r and s satisfying $1 \leqslant s < r \leqslant e - 1$, certain binomial ...

Kurtz and Robinson 1 have recently proposed a physical model of the electro-optic effect. On its basis they have derived expressions for the electro-optic coefficients of centrosymmetric and ...

A function is a rule that is applied to one set of values to give another set of values. A function can be illustrated on a graph – points are plotted as coordinates and joined by either a straight ...